Simple Note Physics Form 5

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PHYSICS FORM 5

TERMS AND DEFINITION

CHAPTER 1: WAVES

Waves	A TYPE OF DISTURBANCE produced by an oscillating or vibrating motion in which a point or body moves back and forth along a line about a fixed central point produces waves.
Wave front	LINE OR PLANE on which the vibrations of every points are in phase and are at the same distance from the source of the wave. In phase =same direction, same displacement
Transverse Wave	WAVE in which the vibration of particles in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave(water waves, light waves, electromagnetic waves)
Longitudinal Wave	WAVE in which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave(sound waves, ultrasound)
Amplitude	MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT from its equilibrium position / MEASURE of height of the wave crest or depth of the wave trough.
Period	TIME TAKEN to complete an oscillation, from one extreme point to the other and back to the same position.
Frequency	NUMBER OF COMPLETE OSCILLATIONS made by a vibrating system in one second
Wavelength, λ	DISTANCE between successive points of the same phase in a wave
Damping	DECREASE in the amplitude of an oscillating system is called damping.(Internal damping: extension and compression of molecules)( External damping: frictional force/ air resistance) a ↓ ; f =
Resonance	Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its natural frequency by an external force. The resonating system oscillates at its maximum amplitude.
Natural frequency	FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY of which an object vibrates. It is the frequency of a system which oscillates freely without external force
Reflection of wave	Reflection of wave occurs when a wave strike an obstacle direction  ≠ ; f = ; a = ; λ =
Refraction of wave	Refraction of wave occurs when a wave travel from one medium to another f = ; v ≠ ; λ ≠ ; direction ≠
Diffraction of waves	PHENOMENON in which waves spread out as they passed through an aperture or round a small circle f = ; λ = ; speed = ; v ≠ ; direction ≠
Interference of waves	SUPERPOSITION of two waves originating from two coherent  sources coherent =same frequency, amplitude and in phase
Constructive interference	Constructive interference occurs when the both crests or both troughs of both waves coincide to produce a wave with crests and troughs of maximum amplitude
Destructive interference	Destructive interference occurs when the crest of one wave coincides with the trough of the other wave, thus cancelling each other with the result that the resultant amplitude is zero
Antinode	POINT where constructive interference occurs.
Node	POINT where destructive interference occurs.
Electromagnetic waves	PROPAGATING WAVES in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation of wave.
Monochromatic light	LIGHT with only one wavelength and color.

PRINCIPLE

Principle of superposition

Principle of superposition states that at any instant, the wave displacement of the combined motion of any number of interacting waves at a point is the sum of the displacements of all the components waves at that point

CHAPTER 2:

Charge, Q	WORK DONE to move a unit of voltage in a circuit
Current, I	RATE of flow of charge
Potential difference, V	WORK DONE in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another in an electric field
Electric field	A FIELD in which electric charge experiences an electric force / A FIELD in which electric force acts in a particle with electric charge
Circuit	CLOSED LOOP through which charge can continuously flow
Resistance, R	RATIO of the potential difference across the conductor to the current flowing through it / MEASURE of the ability of the conductor to resist the flow of an electric current through it
Superconductor	CONDUCTOR in which its resistance will suddenly become zero when it is cooled below a certain temperature called the critical temperature
Electromotiveforce (e.m.f.)	TOTAL ENERGY supplied by a cell to move a unit of electrical charge from one terminal to the other through the cell and the external circuit
Power rating	RATE at which it consumes electrical energy.

PRINCIPLE

Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s law states that the electric current, I flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of conductor, if temperature and other physical conditions remain constant. That is, V  I

CHAPTER 3: ELECTROMAGNETISM

Electromagnet	DEVICE in which magnetism is produced by an electric current TEMPORARY MAGNET which acts as a magnet when the current is switched on and ceases to be a magnet when the current is switched off
Magnetic field	REGION in which a magnetic material experiences a force as the result of a magnet or a current-carrying conductor
Radial field	MAGNETIC FIELD with the field lines pointing towards or away from the centre of a circle.
Electromagnetic induction	PRODUCTION of an electric current by a changing magnetic field (conductor cuts across a magnetic flux –OR– a change of magnetic flux linkage with a coil)
Root mean square current / voltage	VALUE of a steady current/ voltage, which would produce the same heating effect in a given resistor.
Transformer	EQUIPMENT to raise or lower the potential difference of an alternating current supply

PRINCIPLE

Faraday’s Law	The magnitude of the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage with the solenoid   or the rate at which a conductor cuts through the magnetic flux.
Lenz’s Law	Lenz’s law states that an induced electric current always flows in such a direction so as to oppose the change (or motion) producing it

CHAPTER 4: ELECTRONICS

Thermoionic emission	EMISSION of electrons from hot metal surface
Work function	MINIMUM ENERGY required to eject electrons from surface
Cathode ray	Fast moving ELECTRONS travel in a straight line in vacuum
Cathode ray oscilloscope	measuring and testing INSTRUMENT used in study of electricity and electronics
Conductor	MATERIAL which allows current to flow through them
Semi conductor	MATERIAL whose resistance is between good conductor and insulator
Insulator	MATERIAL which does not conduct electric current
Junction voltage	POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE acting from n-type to p-type material of a diode across the depletion layer
Rectification	CONVERSION of a.c. to d.c. by diode
Smoothing	PROCESS where output is smoothed by connecting a capacitor across load that acts as a reservoir and maintains potential difference across load
Logic gates	ELECTRONIC SWITCHES with one or more inputs and one output

CHAPTER 5: RADIOACTIVITY

Atom	An atom consists of a nucleus which is made up of protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
Nuclide	TYPE of nucleus with particular proton number and nucleon number
Proton number	NUMBER of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Nucleon number	NUMBER of protons and neutrons in an atom
Isotopes	ATOMS of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon number(similar chemical properties but differs in physical properties)
Radioactivity	SPONTANEOUS DISINTEGRATION of unstable nucleus into a more stable nucleus with the emission of energetic particles or protons
Radioactive decay	PROCESS where an unstable nucleus becomes a more stable nucleus by emitting radiations
Radioisotope	ISOTOPE that has unstable nucleus that tends to undergo radioactive decay
Half life	TIME TAKEN for the activity of atoms to fall to half its original value TIME TAKEN for half the atoms in a given sample to decay
Nuclear fission	PROCESS involving the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of roughly equal mass and shooting out several neutrons at the same time.
Nuclear fusion	PROCESS involving the fusion of two or more small and light nuclei come together to form a heavier nucleus

PRINCIPLE

Einstein’s Principle of Mass-Energy Conservation

The change of energy is linked to the change of mass by the equation

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